Barriers to Effective Communication Essay

Effective communication is a major element to success in any relationship, business, or organization. Communication barriers attempt to impede, and in some instances stop, the successful completion of the communication process. Law Enforcement agencies are susceptible to the consequences of ineffective communication and should work toward reducing and eliminating barriers blocking the flow of communication. Organizational flaws in the entangled hodgepodge of agencies within the American criminal justice system cause various communication barriers resulting in confusion and inefficiencies throughout the system. Law enforcement agencies began sharing more information after the attacks on 9/11 but barriers still exist. Understanding the communication process and using active listening skills is vital to overcoming barriers to effective communication. Process of Communication Wallace and Roberson (2009) define communication as, â€Å"a process involving several steps, among two or more persons, for the primary purpose of exchanging information† (p. 15). The communication process is dependent on the sender’s ability to create an understandable message for the recipient and the recipient’s ability to interpret the message. The process begins by transmitting an idea into a message made of carefully chosen symbols understandable to the receiver (Wallace & Roberson, 2009). To ensure success of the communication process, the sender should consider the recipient’s point of view while forming the message and selecting the means of transmission. The message can take the form of writing, speaking, or movement (Wallace & Roberson, 2009). Receipt of the message is very important or the process of communication stops. Sending the message using the appropriate medium continues the communication process to the next step. Understanding the idea of the message requires interpretation by the recipient. The receiver interprets the message and provides feedback to the sender. Feedback indicates receipt of the message and whether the message was understood or requires more information. Formal and Informal Channels of Communication Information flows up and down through the police organizations according to the chain of command. The formal channels of communication within police organizations require strict adherence to order, written memorandums, and directives (Wallace & Roberson, 2009). The Momentum that information flows within the formal channels is slow creating a delay in sharing new information throughout the organization. Slow transmission reduces organizational efficiency, wastes valuable time, resources, and puts the reputation of the police agency at risk. Formal channels are restrictive and at times seem unnecessary but police agencies do receive benefits using the formal channels. Through formal channels, all officers receive the same directions in an understandable message that reduces confusion among officers and creates documentation for later reference (Wallace & Roberson, 2009). Informal channels of communication exist in all law enforcement agencies and are used to pass information outside the formal channels of communication. Informal channels of communication give officers a break from the rigid protocol of formal channels. Opportunities for personal discussions that build camaraderie naturally improve morale and work performance. Police agencies know the benefits of informal channels of communication. When the right balance of formal and informal communications is achieved, the agency becomes a united police force. Overcoming Barriers to Effective Communication  The barriers that influence effective communication within the criminal justice system are emotional barriers, physical barriers, semantic barriers, and ineffective listening (Wallace & Roberson, 2009). The sender and receiver both can contribute emotional barriers reducing effective communication by allowing beliefs, attitudes, perceptions, and life experiences to enter the process. Criminal justice professionals can overcome emotional barriers by using peer support systems within the police department or support from outside sources (Wallace & Roberson, 2009). Physical barriers are obstructions that interfere with movement of a message and are the hardest to overcome. The weather, distance, and failures in technology are a few examples of physical barriers a police officer may encounter (Wallace & Roberson, 2009). Some barriers are out of the officer’s control and cannot be overcome quickly such as an ice storm that becomes a physical barrier when power and telephone lines go down ending communication. Semantic barriers consist of language differences and ambiguous word meanings and prevent a clear exchange of ideas resulting in failed communication. Hiring a diverse group of officers can reduce language barriers and choosing words carefully with the receiver in mind can help ease semantic barriers. Ineffective listening is another barrier present in the criminal justice system and occurs from disinterest, speaker bias, emotions, distractions, and words that invoke emotion (Wallace & Roberson, 2009). Every officer needs active listening skills. An officer using active listening skills can diffuse dangerous situations when armed with a clear understanding of the circumstances. Active listening is different from hearing. Hearing is an automatic response to sound and listening is an act. While using active listening skills the officer is processing what the speaker is saying with interest, free of speaker bias, and emotions, before giving a response (Wallace & Roberson, 2009). Improving and eliminating barriers to effective communication is achieved through education and self-improvement courses offered as part of a criminal justice professional’s continuing education. Communication Failure 9/11  The repercussions of failed communication can be seen in the attacks of 9/11. Many factors contributed to known terrorists entering the United States undetected and successfully killing Americans. Ineffective communication resulting in communication failure is one variable that allowed the United States to be attacked by terrorist from another country. The structure of American law enforcement agencies is conducive to linkage blindness. Grant and Terry (2008) define linkage blindness as, â€Å"the inability to analyze and link critical information across or within agencies† (p. ). Communication failed because Federal law enforcement agencies did not share terrorist information with state and local law enforcement agencies. Competition and territorial greed between agencies contributed to the loss of communication within the law enforcement community (Grant & Terry, 2008). Best (2007) stated, â€Å"Almost all assessments of the attacks of September 11, 2001 have concluded U. S. Intelligence and law enforcement agencies had failed to share information that might have provided advance warning of the plot† (Summary, para. 1). Congress eventually acknowledged communication barriers exist within the system of law enforcement agencies and enacted legislation and regulation to facilitate the sharing of information. Conclusion Most communication barriers can be overcome by using common sense and active listening devoid of emotion and bias. Police agencies and individual criminal justice professionals are responsible for learning and using active listening skills. Understanding the communication process reveals strategies to overcoming barriers that block the flow of information. Formal and informal channels of communication can drive the movement of messages forward or stop movement completely. When terrorists attacked the United States September 11, 2001 Congress enacted legislation and regulations to tear down the communication barriers that existed between law enforcement agencies. Communication barriers will always exist within the structure of American law enforcement agencies but efforts will continue to eliminate barriers within reach and reduce those harder to reach.

Introduction to Legal Research Essay

Facts: Samantha Smith, a young and single mother, was shopping in the bath aisle of the local grocery store in Indiana. At approximately 1:30 pm she slipped and fell on a clear shampoo that had leaked out of one of the bottles and onto the floor. The aisle had been inspected, logged as clear of any dangerous hazards at 1:00 pm by an older employee who requires glasses. As a result of the fall, Samantha was transported to the hospital where she was admitted overnight and diagnosed with a broken hip. She will require many months of physical therapy. Samantha has no healthcare insurance coverage to cover any of her expenses and is responsible for a two year old son. Issue: Did the grocery store have knowledge of the hazardous substance on the floor, therefore being held liable for the injuries that Samantha sustained? Rule: The grocery store can only be held liable if it had knowledge of the hazardous condition. Breach of duty is defined as â€Å"the violation of a legal or moral obligation; the failure to act as the law obligates one to act; especially a fiduciary’s violation of an obligation owed to another.† Black’s Law Dictionary 214 (9th ed. 2009) Negligence is defined as â€Å"the failure to exercise the standard of care that a reasonably prudent person would have exercised in a similar situation; any conduct that falls below the legal standard established to protect others against unreasonable risk of harm.† Black’s Law Dictionary 1133 (9th ed. 2009)  Analysis: Samantha is not able to prove that the grocery store had any knowledge of the hazardous substance on the floor; therefore, the grocery store was not negligent in its duty to the customer and cannot be held liable for Samantha’s injuries. Conclusion: It is not likely that Samantha will be awarded damages for her injuries because she cannot show proof that the grocery store had any knowledge of the hazardous spill on the floor. Vaughn v. National Tea Co., 328 F.2d 128 (7th Cir. 1964)  Facts: The Plaintiff, Vaughn, slipped and on a piece of lettuce and fell on the floor while shopping at National Tea Company. The store employee stated under testimony that she did not recall cleaning or picking up anything off of the aisle the day before the slip and fall occurred. The lettuce had multiple step marks on it which indicated that it had been there for a while. As a result of the slip and fall, Vaughn ruptured a disc in her back that resulted in the need for surgery. Vaughn filed a lawsuit against the National Tea Company for damages for the injuries she sustained. A jury found the Defendant guilty and awarded damages to Vaughn in the amount of $25,000. See more: how to write an introduction paragraph National Tea Company appealed the case stating there was no proof of negligence. Issue: Did National Tea Company have any knowledge of the lettuce on the floor which would ultimately hold them liable for the Vaughn’s injuries? Rule: Negligence is defined as â€Å"the failure to exercise the standard of care that a reasonably prudent person would have exercised in a similar situation; any conduct that falls below the legal standard established to protect others against unreasonable risk of harm.† Black’s Law Dictionary 1133 (9th ed. 2009) Evidence showed that the lettuce had been stepped on multiple times and, therefore, the jury could find that it was on the floor ample enough time for someone at the store to have a duty to clean it up. Analysis: The jury held that National Tea Company was negligent and a breach of duty occurred because they lettuce was on the floor for a long enough time period to be noticed and removed; therefore, Vaughn was awarded dama ges. Carmichael v. Kroger, 654 N.E.2d 1188 (Ind. Ct. App. 1995) Facts: Carmichael was shopping in the dairy aisle at Kroger and at approximately 2:00 pm slipped on a broken egg. As a result, Carmichael filed a lawsuit against Kroger for damages as a result of the slip and fall. Records show that a Kroger employee checked the dairy aisle just after 2:00 pm the same day and confirmed that there was no hazardous material on the floor. Carmichael was unable to prove to the Court that Kroger knew about the broken egg on the floor; therefore, Kroger was not found negligent or liable for Carmichael’s injuries. Issue: Did Kroger know about the broken egg on the floor which in turn would hold them liable for  Carmichael’s injuries? Rule: Liability cannot be imposed if Kroger was not aware of the broken egg on the floor. Negligence is defined as â€Å"the failure to exercise the standard of care that a reasonably prudent person would have exercised in a similar situation; any conduct that falls below the legal standard established to protect others against unreasonable risk of harm.† Black’s Law Dictionary 1133 (9th ed. 2009)  Analysis: Carmichael failed to prove to the Court that Kroger had any knowledge of the broken egg on the floor that created a hazard; therefore, Kroger was not negligent in its duty of care to Carmichael and cannot be held liable for Carmichael’s injuries. Conclusion: The Court of Appeals affirmed the lower court’s decision that Carmichael failed to prove negligence and breach of duty.

Vampire social fear 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Vampire social fear 2 - Essay Example In earlier times, vampires have been portrayed in mostly negative light mostly showing demonic themes, but currently, vampire and their fear has gradually disintegrated to the extent that they have become part of the modern society and rather than being viewed as monsters, they now even now inspire trends. Everything from fashion to the entertainment industry portrays vampires as sexy, mysterious entities, who feature in movies like Twilight as abnormally romantic beings. Science has also adopted the myth of the vampire to describe living things that exhibit similar characteristics to those famed to be of vampires. As an illustration, ‘Vampire’ is derived from the biological term, vampirism, which refers to living things that feed on the life matter (that is: blood) of other living beings, for example, the Vampire Bat. According to vampire legends people who are considered to be evil in their life will turn to vampires in their after-life. These people include, but may n ot be limited to: outcasts, people who died as a result of suicide, criminals, and any other type of person that is considered to immensely evil in his acts. This paper will discuss how the society has ingrained the fear of vampires in its activities and how such fears are associated with the supernatural and superstition. Also considered is the effect of these fears on perception about ‘liminal states of existence’ (living on the margins). Since vampires are considered undead (because they are logically already dead yet still live), this paper will illustrate how vampires might be exposed to both advantage and disadvantages of the modern society due to advanced technology (Williams 15). Vampires in Today’s Society The legend of the vampire has gone through transformations that have changed the dark former image of evil, crime and demonism to one that is simply a source of mystery and fascination. Today’s society has dismissed the phenomena of ‘undea d’ beings that awake in the night to look for blood and in the process, turn the bitten humans into vampires. All the former reasons used to justify the existence of vampires have been shown to be untrue. Myths have been argued out by juxtaposing them with real life facts, thus emphasizing their fallacy. The vampire persona has been described by scientific medicine enabling us to understand why ‘weird’ people act as they do. Vampires have acquired a new dimension in today’s society: they fulfill our fantasies through literary fiction like works like Stephen King's Night Shift collection of short stories. In his book, King gives a chilling encounter of how people come face to face with normal people turned into vampires in the short story: One for the Road. King shows how a normal out-of-the-way town became a horror spot. The story ends with the implied warning that anyone should not make a stopover at a town where it is rumored vampires reside, because you will be turned into one yourself (King 416). Vampires have also been used by psychoanalysts to describe the nature of man’s psyche. Analysts use the paradigm of a vampire to illustrate how people react when they are faced with challenges that go beyond the levels of manageable reality. A vampire is used to symbolize the ultimate fear that one can face in his life. Vampires have enabled psychoanalysts to determine the psyche behind people who commit hideous acts like homicide that is accompanied by excessively

Sex, Violence and Transgression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sex, Violence and Transgression - Essay Example On August 12, 2005, Jack Thompson, an American activist, filed a case in the Alabama court against Sony. Thompson claimed video games are promoting violence and it was due to such a video game which Moore had played endlessly which has compelled him to shoot the policemen. Devin Moore pleaded guilty saying that it the game ‘Grand Theft Auto (GTA)’ that caused him to kill those police officers and he was under the influence of that game. Grand Theft Auto is a video game wherein the player acts as a street mugger who steals cars. He attempts to overrun any pedestrian who comes in his way, liberates a criminal from the police station and runs off by shooting the policemen. The families of the victims argued that Moore replayed all that he had experienced as a player in the violent video game. Devin Moore was only 16 years old. At the time of his arrest, Moore is reported to have said: â€Å"Everybody has got to die.† This statement was later changed in 2004 in a court session to â€Å"Life is a video game. You’ve got to die sometimes.† What leads him to utter these words? More importantly, what made him change his statement? One of the reasons could be that he wanted everyone to believe that it was indeed the video game which was to be blamed and not him. Or maybe he was so mentally disturbed that he could fathom the consequences of changing his statement. As per Moore’s father, Moore had been a disturbed child right from childhood and had a record of taking drugs and being involved in crime. While Devin Moore said that he was under the trance of the game that he had completely lost the ability to differentiate between reality and the game. Also, his lawyer claimed that he was suffering from a dissociative order (Chalk, The Escapist, 2007). Moore appealed not guilty as he had developed a psychological defect by playing the game  for long hours and this deprived him of the sense to evaluate his own actions.

International Student Support Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

International Student Support - Essay Example This research demonstrated that students from United Arab Emirates had little choice or input in the choice of course and college, and this affected the ability to motivate themselves for the course. Some of these students probably have no interest in learning English, and the research shows that there is a preference to learn more practical subjects such as engineering as they would be immediately useful in their home country. . The students from the United Arab Emirates are also restricted by their respective armies in terms of movement, and this restricts their ability to integrate with other students. For instance, the other part-time students will have experienced similar processes from pre-arrival to induction and this process would have allowed them to construct relationships. The part-time students are also able to work, and this experience increases their use of the English language as they are using it in the practical context. Therefore, the lack of integration and choice is severely hampering the ability of the UAE students to access the college's service support. Table of Contents Introduction The research on which this report is based concentrates on international students from the United Arab Emirates (UAE), who are currently enrolled on programmes that focus on teaching the English Language. This group has been selected because of the unique enrolment process they undertake. They also constitute a significant proportion of full-time English language students at Salisbury College. Most of these students are this college as it has been chosen by the military organisation they represent, and therefore they have had no choice in the selection. Salisbury College is one of twelve colleges that receive army personnel for technical training through a private army contract. These students' first language is Arabic and they were selected in their respective states for tuition at this college. As the choice to attend Salisbury College was not an individual choice, these students have not gone through the normal application route, which would have involved contact with Student Services, which would have helped them arrange their visas, police registration and other details. Instead this has all been centrally, and all they had to do was to get on a plane and attend lessons. As a result of the omission of this important step, these students are presenting with a different set of issues when compared to other international students. For instance, they feel isolated because their English is noticeably poorer than other students, and this probably stems from the lack of integration and socialising which would have been arranged by the college's Student Services. They feel no arrangements have been made to involve them with

Expansion of Airport and Health Issues Case Study

Expansion of Airport and Health Issues - Case Study Example Air emissions are generally defined as "The release of pollutants into the atmosphere from stationary sources and vehicles" (Business Dictionary). This indicates that the multi-source context should include air emissions from the expansion of the airport, the existing airport, local industries, homes, and vehicular exhaust. In order to be in the proper context it must also consider other exposure risks of asthma within the communities of concern. The Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology reports these risks to include animal dander, pollen, cigarette smoke, weather changes, scented products, food products, medications and emotional stress to name a few (Topic; January 2007). It is my belief that the airport acted properly by responding to concerns that the citizens put forth. The Federal Aviation Administration order titled Prevention, Control and Abatement of Environmental Pollution at FAA Facilities specifically requires the establishment of policies pertaining to environmental pollution at all of its facilities (1). These concerns are required to be addressed according to the National Environmental Policy Act: Implementing Instructions for Airport Projects at a very early stage and must be prepared to address the concerns of the community to avoid just such a conflict (Chapter 5). It is my belief that the proper multi-source context was established by the airport. That context requires them to include the air emissions of the existing airport to allow them to establish the risk of exposure due to the expansion. However, to consider the exposure risks of the existing airport as part of the exposure risks of the expansion is out of context. In this case it appears that the proper context has not been clearly defined and established between the concerned parties. The citizen groups maintain that their source of asthma is attributed solely to the air emissions as a result of the operations of the airport, and have thus failed to approach to problem in proper context. Clearly the citizen groups will benefit from the expertise of health care and risk professionals for help with their concerns. It is commonly accepted that citizens expect experts and officials to get involved in making decisions that affect communities; they do not think they should be left to the desires of corporate decisions without proper investigation and monitoring by local and national agencies designed to protect them. For this reason it is important that the airport planning staff recruit expert help from both local and national levels. The Framework for Environmental Health Risk Management (FEHRM) indicates that the inclusion of experts in environment, health, risk management, regulatory agencies and related industries allows for collaboration toward an acceptable conclusion for all concerned (17). The FEHRM goes on to report that collaboration of this nature is necessary to engage, interpret and deal with the variety of perspectives that each stakeholder brings to the table (17). The FEHRM clearly states that identification of problems and stakeholder involvement should occur in synchronicity early in the process and continue throughout the stages of developing a risk management assessment (13). The FERHM clearly states recommended guidelines for stakeholder invol

Computer Shop Limited (CSL) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Computer Shop Limited (CSL) - Assignment Example Cloud Computing Service Models The organization’s data center provides hardware and software services. These services are provisioned by the Cloud Computing applications on the web. Similarly, the Internet services that are provided via cloud computing are called as ‘Software as a Service’ SaaS. The vendors use the term Infrastructure as a service ‘IaaS’ and Platform as a service ‘PaaS’ in order to display their products and services. Due to huge variations, the terms that are explained here are not accepted worldwide. The department of commerce NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) defined some useful explanations that are based on three concepts Simple computing resources regarding Cloud infrastructure as a service ‘IaaS’ are provided. Software applications are accessed by Cloud Software as a service ‘SaaS’ that can operate cloud infrastructure. For implementing and developing applications along with programming language and tools, the Cloud Platform as a service ‘PaaS’ provides to the customers. The data center hardware and software contains the major components of a cloud. The resources are available for general public also referred as public clouds and the cloud service providers are known as utility computing. Furthermore, the clouds that are not accessible for public are called as private clouds. The combination of the two, ‘SaaS’ and utility computing forms Cloud computing. (ARMBRUST, FOX et al. 2010). There are three service models for cloud computing i.e. infrastructure as a service, platform as a service and software as a service (Wilshusen 2011). Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is comprised of three components i.e. software, platform and infrastructure. Organizations only provide software and platform and infrastructure is provided by a third party cloud computing vendor. The second service models i.e. platform as a service (PaaS) als o comprises of three components i.e. software, platform and infrastructure. Organizations only provide a software or application that will be executed on the third party or the vendor’s platform and infrastructure. The third service model also includes the similar three components as mentioned before and called as software as a service (SaaS). Organizations only utilize the services provided by the vendors in terms of applications that can be accessed by the Internet. All the three components i.e. software, platform and infrastructure are the property of the vendor (Wilshusen 2011). In figure 1.1, cloud deployment models are demonstrated Figure 1.1 (Retreived from :Wilshusen, G. C. (2011). INFORMATION SECURITY: Additional guidance needed to address cloud computing concerns. GAO Reports, , 1.) Cloud computing four service models are shown in Fig 1.2 Figure 1.2 (Retreived from :Wilshusen, G. C. (2011). INFORMATION SECURITY: Additional guidance needed to address cloud computing concerns. GAO Reports, , 1.) ‘Business Cloud’ must choose the relevant client model, as it will be proportional to the business or customer requirements and may differ from organization to organization and business types. The first service model is called as the ‘Private Cloud’. A private cloud is solely a property of the organization i.e. software, platform and infrastructure is the property of the organization (Wilshusen 2011). The second service model is called as the community cloud that is accessible to several organizations that may be similar to business types and will focus

Education in African Americans Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Education in African Americans Community - Essay Example The issue of education in African American communities has often found its way into public and scholarly debates in equal measure. This has come as a result of the agreeable lower quality and less appreciation of education in these communities as compared to areas occupied by the whites. The situation is one largely resulting from historical factors as well as continued neglect. All the same, continued interest can only boost the current situation. Hopefully, in the next decade the situation will be much better and quality as well as appreciation will have reached peak levels. To help in the inquiry and analysis of the current situation of education in the African American communities this study utilizes the Burke’s Dramastic Pentadic Criticism. This is a five stage approach which examines five aspect of a narration or situation these five are agent, act, agency, scene and purpose.African Americans are one of the most academically disadvantaged people marked by low literacy ac hievement. This is irrespective of the fact that African Americans are the subject of continuous focus in literacy based studies in United States. The current state of African Americans education is mainly due to historical factors which enforced segregation. This meant that discrimination against these individuals was officially recognized and enforced by the state government. This hindered equality in the social circles and this permeated through to the education sector (Belgrave, 2009). The greatest challenge for the African Americans was that they were historically considered slaves. This meant they had very few rights and education was not obviously one of the rights. In the absence of education, some few religious set ups realized that this was largely promoting inequality and sought to act. This was by availing education opportunities, at the forefront was the French Catholics in Louisiana in 1600s and Quakers in the 1700s, these were largely based in Pennsylvania. Such local ized approaches meant that education opportunities could not be holistically provided to all African Americans especially those living in other states (Taylor & Philips, 2005). The situation would be worsened by state governments which refused to grant equal education opportunities to their black population irrespective of whether they were free or not. The injustices directed to the African Americans in terms of education would later remain unaddressed for so long that they were generally accepted by the policymakers. A slight change came after the Civil War where most Blacks achieved some form of freedom and continually became aware of their entitlement to education amongst other rights (Murrell, 2002). However, marked improvement would only be registered in the 20th Century following political activism and civil activism led by such distinguished leaders as Martin Luther King Jr. Such activism brought to the limelight the great injustices and the continued segregation of the blac k community. However, it was still impossible to address the historical injustices (Morris & Morris, 1999). Besides, most African Americans had already formed a notion that education was not for them and they were resigned to disadvantaged positions and hard and dangerous street lives. Literature review The above discussion offers a brief synopsis of the historical factors that have contributed to the current dire situation of education among African Americans. This is irrespective of the marked improvement that has taken place in the past half a century or so. This study seeks to provide a rhetorical criticism of education in the African American Community as represented by the discussed factors amongst other emerging issues characterizing the same. The rationale for this criticism is as presented by Kenneth Burke under, Burke’s Dramastic Pentadic Criticism

Karl Marx and Capitalism Essay Example for Free

Karl Marx and Capitalism Essay In this paper I will examine how Karl Marx views capitalism and, more specifically, the criticisms he has regarding capitalism. In the first part of the paper I will reconstruct and explain the philosopher’s argument. In the second part of the paper I will offer my critical evaluation where I will demonstrate how these critiques are still appropriate in today’s society by providing examples of how capitalism is affecting the lives of American workers even today. However, I will first explain the definition and structure of capitalism. Capitalism is an economic system that is most common in the United States and much of Western Europe today. It is represented by privatization of companies for production of goods or services for a profit, competitive markets, and wage labor (â€Å"Capitalism†). These individual skills were initially developed from skills that grew out of the economic time period known as feudalism and has evolved into individuals who possess certain skills that can demand payment. Although this may seem like it would be an ideal situation for workers and provide a platform to provide a service in return for payment of some sort, it soon became evident that there were people who would use this new system of economics to their advantage. Instead of doing the work themselves, they would find skilled workers to provide the service or product under the umbrella of their organization to which they would market and sell the goods for profit. The business owner would make a profit and, in turn, pay the worker a portion for his services provided. Unfortunately, there were others who were unable to make the system work for them in such an advantageous manner. Karl Marx had two basic criticisms of capitalism – especially in his lifetime of the beginning of the industrial revolution and the formation of factories. His first was the thought that the worker suffered from alienation on several different levels. As a capitalistic society succeeds by gaining profit for the companies and business owners, the overall cost of goods needed to live also increases. If the wages earned by workers went up consistently with the profits of society and, thus, the increase in the cost of living, all would be good and balanced. However, that is not the case in most circumstances, in fact, as Marx points out, â€Å"the worker becomes an ever cheaper commodity the more goods he creates† (Johnson 261). In other words, as the production increases the cost to produce is lowered. The business owner sees those profits in the gross profit obtained by the sale of goods; however, the worker is generally not compensated in a fair and equitable manner. This turns a skill which may or may not have been a passion at one time into something that the worker is forced to do whether they desire to do so or not. Even if a worker enjoyed his occupation, chances are, he or she is being forced to comply with guidelines or standards set by someone else. As a worker you are still not truly free to produce your work according to your standards so you are, in essence, alienating yourself from the product of your work. According to Marx, capitalism has also produced an alienation from nature. He states that the capitalistic society conceals this alienation because it does not examine the direct relationship between the worker and production (Johnson 263). Essentially, the labor of the worker may produce wonderful and beautiful things for the wealthy individuals but oftentimes the working class population may never get to experience the beauty for themselves. Furthermore, the workers identity is often lost within their job and they do not have the means to express their individuality. This is identified by Marx as being alienated from yourself and from your labor. Most people do not proclaim their uniqueness in ways that focus around their occupation. Even in a highly sought after job you may, for a time, feel as if that encompasses who you truly are, but it is only a small part of your being – your essence. This also ties in to another alienation theme of Marx which is the alienation from your species as a human being. According to Marx, â€Å"the worker feels himself to be freely active only in his animal function – eating, drinking, and procreating, or at most also in his dwelling and in personal adornment – while in his human functions he is reduced to animal† (Johnson 264). In other words, as workers we are often free only when we are allowed to do what we want to do instead of what is demanded and required of us at our jobs. When this happens, we are often reduced to a more animalistic approach to fulfilling our needs. Finally, Marx contends that in a apitalistic society, the worker is alienated from others. Because there is so much competition in capitalism – which is the driving force for production and profits – it causes a hostile environment among workers. Many are competing for the same position or the same customer or account. This competition causes a friction within the frame of society that pits individual against individual which is what leads us into the next matter of contention with Marx in his views of capitalism which is exploitation. He claims that â€Å"private property has made us so stupid and partial that an object is only ours when we have it, when it exists for us as capital or when it is directly eaten, drunk, worn, inhabited, etc. , in short, utilized in some way; although private property itself only conceives these various forms of possession as means of life, and the life for which they serve as means is the life of private property – labor and creation of capital† (Johnson 266). People have become so materialistic in our capitalistic society that they are driven to all means by which to obtain their measures of status. Because of this, the workers are driven to give into demands made by their employers in order to make the wages necessary to maintain their standard of living. Since the workers are plentiful, the products are also plentiful, which discussed earlier creates a larger bottom line for the profit of the company or business owner. However, even though the profits are increased for the business owners of the capitalistic society, the wages are often not as high as the profit. Thus, the value of the product is high while keeping the value of the worker low. This is a classic example of exploitation. I think that the criticisms offered by Marx are still applicable in today’s society in the United States. I think that the worker is indeed alienated from his true identity as an individual. Before the onset of industrialized production there was a certain pride associated with one’s occupation; whether that was as a craftsman in wood, as a blacksmith, tailor, or bricklayer. No matter your profession, you were able to express your individuality and impart your character into the product of your work. Sadly, this is not the case with the workers of today. They are often subject to limitations and expectations that hinder their creative ability and they are forced to produce that are a poor representation of their ability or personality. Most people are forced into positions they don’t even want to be in professionally because they need to make a certain amount of money to pay for their wants and needs. This creates a frustration and dissatisfaction that reaches far beyond the walls of the factory or office. It is no wonder that most workers today dread Monday mornings and count the days until five o’clock Friday afternoon. Again and again, the energy level increases as the weekend approaches. There is a common sentiment that states everybody is simply working for the weekend. This is because workers are dissatisfied with their jobs and feel undervalued and taken advantage of in many circumstances. Once the workday ends, the freedom begins for the worker. This is often why the bars have a â€Å"happy hour† as this is where the worker can forget the troubles of the day and throw back a drink or two and finally relax. The economic conditions of living in an industrialized society has turned the ordinary worker into a materialistic consumer that generally far outreaches his or her ability to afford to keep up with the Jones’. Because many feel the pressure of this forced societal expectations to possess certain items, live in a certain neighborhood, d rive the right car all while wearing the right clothes and accessories we as workers in the United States have been put in the unfortunate and unbalanced position of much more want than means by which to provide it. As long as that continues, we are stuck in a cycle of never ending wants that never truly satisfy because they are not meeting what is truly needed in our lives. Marx claims that â€Å"the human being had to be reduced to this absolute poverty in order to be able to give birth to all his inner wealth† (Johnson 268). In a capitalistic society it is encouraged, and even necessary, to consume what is being produced in order for capitalism to continue to grow. Today’s worker can do this in moderation, without putting themselves or their families in such a position to further add to the frustration of meeting expectations and demands at a workplace that is unfulfilling to their existence. Furthermore, I think that labor unions were formed in the early 1900’s in order to protect workers from exploitation of greedy business owners. At the turn of the century, many workers were expected to work long hours almost every day of the week. There were unsafe working environments s well as high quotas being placed on workers from employers with minimal compensation to the workers. All of this was so the profits could rise as production was increased. There seemed no reason to pay more in wages by adding workers or in higher salaries for the existing employees when the business owners could simply demand more from their current workforce. Also, working conditions were often unsafe while trying to maximize workspace with the maximum number of workers without actually increasing the area being used. Because of labor unions working conditions have improved greatly for the worker in America; there are 40 hour work weeks with compensation for additional hours worked; guidelines have been implemented to make for safer working conditions; and there is more room for negotiation for fair wages without fear of retaliation by employers. Although labor unions are still in existence today, they have much less impact than they had in the past. Politicians are close bedfellows with the corporate executives across our nation and policies are ever changing to benefit the corporation and business owners while causing the worker to suffer the consequences. Even though there have been great improvements in regard to the criticisms of alienation and exploitation that Marx had against capitalism, I believe they still exist. Marx may have not been of this century but I feel his observations are still valid in today’s world.

Reality and Truth Essay Example for Free

Reality and Truth Essay Reality and truth are both so hackneyed in a commonplace manner with over-lapping ideas that they each lose their own individuality. Reality is a subjective value that reflects what characterizes our world, whether it is our individual world or the world as a whole, and its conditions. Oliver Sacks The Minds Eye: What the Blind See and Tim OBriens How to Tell a True War Story bring the relationship of truth and reality into question. OBrien openly uses the thin line between truth and reality to convey the message that truth and reality sustain a close relationship. Using examples of interpretation, cognition, and communication of a persons environment, the authors give the reader the idea that truth cannot exist without reality and vise versa. The authors tie truth and reality as interdependent. Interpretation of a certain environment unlocks the truth of the society. One society can create one truth and one reality, whereas another society creates a different reality and truth. OBrien offers many interpretations of war. War is hell, but thats not the half of it, because war is also mystery and terror and adventure and courage and discovery and holiness and pity and despair and longing and love. War is nasty; war is fun. War is thrilling; war is drudgery. War makes you a man; war makes you dead. The truths are contradictory. War is grotesque. But in truth war is also beauty. (394) OBrien beliefs give an array of meanings of war. He also emphasizes in the end, with the example of interpretations of war, that truth is contradicting. Truth is contradicting because there is more than one truth. Truths are based a persons reality, however reality is also based on truth; one cannot survive without the other. In relation with OBrien and Nafisi, Sacks also offers a truth and reality relationship. In truth, all of Sacks correspondents were partially disabled or handicapped. In order for them to feel like they are not disabled, they create imaginations, their own reality, in order to fulfill themselves as regular people in society. An individual deprived of one form of perception could totally reshape himself to find a new center, a new identity (Sacks 476). Even though Sacks says Hull, a man who lost vision in his middle age, describes himself as someone who reshapes himself, all the other patients also reshape themselves in order to live as normal people. They interpret the truth of blindness, and use it to make another reality. In the end, reality becomes truth to the people because becoming a visual person who is blind becomes true in their own world. In all texts, the authors interpret and experience truth and reality simultaneously; one concept cannot be experienced without the dependence of the other. Through forms of communication, such as language, truth and reality are shown as mutually dependent. In How to Tell a True War story, Tim OBrien recollects his experience of telling the war story and at the end of his storytelling, a woman and always a woman would approach him and tell him she liked the war story. In response, he says Ill picture Rat Kileys face, his grief, and Ill think, You dumb cooze. Because she wasnt listening. It wasnt a war story. It was a love story (396). Stereotypically, women are seen to be more sensitive than men; however, she did not empathize with him at all. He also uses the word cooze, like Rat, to show his animosity for her misunderstanding of his story. Through OBrien, he conveys that her lack of understanding meant that language was limited. She did not understand his reality, only the events of the story because he said it was true and it occurred. For OBrien, his reality is that the feelings and the understanding portrayed in the war story is the truth, and not the actual events. For this example, OBrien indicates that truth is dependent on reality. Conversely with OBrien, Nafisi and Sacks believe that communication can be limitless. For Sacks, he uses many examples of people who lost one of the five human senses who can communicate with people by amplifying the other senses. For the blind, Sacks emphasizes that they use language as a mediation to communicate. Blind children, it has often been noted, tend to be precocious verbally, and may develop such fluency in the verbal description of faces and places as to leave others (and perhaps themselves) uncertain as to whether they are actually blind (483). Sacks expresses that with the art of language, a person who is blind can be equally presented as one who is sighted. He includes (and perhaps themselves) to show that language is so powerful that it gives an alternate reality: that blind people are just as visual as sighted people. However, truth is not realized through this reality as it was through interpretation. In Sacks example, reality is dependent on truth instead, because the alternate reality of blind people are like sighted people is false. The reality Sacks conveys is that blind people only use language as a mediator. Cognition, which includes thought and memory, is described by the three authors as an example where the relationship of truth and reality exist in. Sacks discusses the thought and memories of three people. I have now read three memoirs, strikingly different in their depictions of the visual experience of blinded people: Hull with his acquiescent descent into imageless deep blindness, Torey with his compulsive visualization and meticulous construction of an internal visual world, and Tenberken with her impulsive, almost novelistic, visual freedom, and specific gift of synesthesia. (481) Here, in Sacks example, reality is dependent of truth because these three people must have been blind before they experience visualization derived from the minds eye. However, the experience each person has is different. They have a reality which becomes true to them, making truth depend on reality. The thoughts of Sacks correspondents has given them truth through reality. Like Sacks, OBrien offers truth-reality association. Rat, who is OBriens friend, refers to the fish as dead gook fish (387) and the water buffalo as a VC (Tim OBrien 393). OBrien clearly shows the gook and the VC to show Rats thought of the animals; he sees them as the enemy. The truth is that these animals cannot really be the enemy, because it would just be an absurdity. For rat, he calls the water buffalo a VC merely because he wants to exert his anger upon the baby water buffalo, which is derived from the death of his friend. By killing the VC, Rat was able to alleviate his feelings by creating the reality of killing the enemy baby buffalo. He created a reality of killing an enemy, which is developed from the truth of his friends death. With the truth of his death, a reality was created to make himself feel better. Truth in turns is also taken from reality because he really sees the animals as an enemy, which is a reality that becomes true for him.

Examining The Psychological Offender Profiling Investigation Criminology Essay

Examining The Psychological Offender Profiling Investigation Criminology Essay Offender Profiling is an investigative tool that is used by psychologists to help them work out exactly why a particular crime has been committed and why a criminal is behaving in a certain way. This tool is used to research the types of crimes people are committing and how an offender picks his or her victim. This method of research also helps the Criminal Justice System at a significant degree. It enables them to make a decision based upon the research and facts, which makes the overall verdict more ethical. The aim of Offender Profiling is to go beyond the facts and develop a hypothesis about the offender. Holmes Holmes (1996) suggests three objectives to meet this aim. These are to: 1) to provide the police with basic information about the certain personality attributes of the offender such as age, family, ethnicity, employment and marital status, 2) to suggest any belongings the offender may have that would lead him to committing this crime and 3) to provide interviewing strategies and suggestions the police may use when questioning a suspect. The British approach on Offender Profiling is very different to the American approach. The British approach does not categorise crimes and try to fit them into theories but takes a more scientific approach to analysing every possible data of a crime and using these to develop the profile, whereas the American approach (FBI) to developing an offender profile is different to this. Their approach has been developed from an initial sample of interviews with 36 convicted serial sexual murderers, together with detailed information from crime scenes i.e. the location and timing of the crimes, medical examination reports, any crimes that have already been committed in the neighbourhood, the victims whereabouts and the amount of forensic awareness shown by the offender.  [1]  This is done in order to help them establish a bigger picture of the crime and help them identify the psychology behind it. Offender Profiling was first used in the Second World War to see if there were any weaknesses that can be exploited and enhanced for the future. For example, Langer conducted a profiling on Hitler and concluded that if he had lost the Second World War he would commit suicide. He was correct. After the defeat in 1945, Adolf Hitler committed suicide and passed away. Psychiatrists believe that the basic assumption of Offender Profiling is that the offenders have a certain fingerprint, in other words, certain behaviour at the crime scene which is a reflection of their personality and characteristics. For example, a criminal tying up the victim the psychological fingerprint behind this would be that the offender wants control and dominance over the offender in order to defeat them. Another example can be shown from a rape case. When an offender has committed rape they would wash the victim. The psychological fingerprint behind this would be that the criminal either feels some sort of remorse so he/she wants cleanse or that they want the case to be so inconspicuous that they even remove the victims pubic hair. How Offender Profiling influenced Courtroom The courtroom is very important in the British Criminal Justice System. There are two types of profiling techniques that are used in trials. The first is what we call deductive Offender Profiling, which concerns itself with the particular behavioural evidence of a case. Second is inductive profiling which assumes that when a criminal commits a crime, he or she will have a similar background and motive to others who have committed a similar crime. There are related problems of the use of Offender Profiling in the courtroom. The first is unawareness about the nature of Offender Profiling and physical evidence. The second is when the profilers are too zeal. When these two problems cross in a single case, it may be that an offender profiler gives opinions with strong confidence about circumstances and behaviours that are assumed and not established.  [2]   Interviewing Offender Profiling can help the CJS and the police in terms of suggesting effective ways of interviewing, related to specific criminal types. Not all will react to questioning in the same manner. An effective way of questioning for one person may be ineffective for someone else. This is because not all murderers commit murder for the same reason. This means depending on their reasons for committing a crime, they would need different strategies of questioning. An example can be shown by the murder of a young girl and her boyfriend in which the stepfather was the main suspect but there was no forensic evidence to convict him. When he was questioned in the usual way, he denied any involvement. The profiler suggested that as he was a man who had a great requirement for control, it would be good to ask for his help in solving the crime. Pretending to be doing this, the suspect was given lots of photographs of the crime scene and thinking he was in control of the investigation, became so o ccupied in talking about the case that he revealed more and more his knowledge with the crime until he eventually gave up and confessed.  [3]   Victims Offender Profiling certainly impacts victims in various ways. The most evident is that it helps police find their offender. The victim may be traumatised as a result of the offence and may feel threatened that the perpetrator will return therefore being scared to leave their home. If the offender is convicted, the victim will be relieved and at least try and continue with their normal life. Mental health Ressler (1992) says that mental health professionals have an interest in offender profiling and have also helped research in the study of criminal psychology. Thus, it is suggested that clinicians could be used to help the Criminal Justice System in suggesting ways of profiling and ways of treatment. Police Profiling can give the police a new or different direction in their attempt to catch the offender by reducing the list of suspects. This is by giving them information about the choice of victim, the location, anything that was said by the offender and the nature of the offense. These things may help to give the offender more of a personality, and thus help the police in their chase of the offender. Profiling is not aimed to tell the police who actually committed an offence; instead it aims to suggest to them some personality and demographic characteristics that the offender is likely to possess. If for example the police are investigating a number of rapes in the same area, they will be pleased to identify whether the same person has committed them. They will need to know if they should be look ­ing for one or several offenders. In addition, a profile can help police in reducing their list of suspects and to avoid wasting time on enquiries which are likely to be useless. If a suspe ct of the police does not match any of the profilers predictions then the police might spend less time following that particular person. In some case the profile may well fit someone whom the police already suspect and will therefore allow the police officers to concentrate their investigations on the most likely suspect. How Offender Profiling was used in real life cases During the period 1982-86, 24 sexual assaults occurred in North London near to railways. It was believed that one man committed all these crimes, though on some occasions he had someone that helped him out. Between 1985 and 1986 three murders occurred, and forensic evidence together with certain aspects of the attackers suggested that there were links between the rapes and murders. In 1986, police forces in South England were struggling to find the Railway Rapist, which then turned in to the Railway Killer. Dr. David Canter, a psychologist and criminologist was invited to compose British crimes first offender profile. When the offender, John Duffy, was later arrested and convicted, it turned out that 13 of Canters 17 announcements about the offender were correct. The case of Adrian Babb is another instance where Offender Profiling has been successful and therefore very helpful to the CJS. Between 1986 and 1988, seven attacks on elderly women took place in tower blocks in south Birmingham. Women aged 70-80 were followed into the lifts by a stocky young man who overwhelmed them and took them to the top floor of the tower block, where he raped them and escaped. The same patterns of the crimes suggested that the offense was committed by the same man. Because the criminal had a limited range of locations, victims and actions, this suggested that the offender was operating a limited world, wherein he was constrained in his actions. Victims reported the offender as black, athletic, without body scent and carrying a sports bag. He had no attempt to hide himself, thus he had no fear of being recognised and convicted. Canter labelled his approach Investigative Psychology, where he believes that offender goes beyond what he originally thought of Offender Profiling and covers a branch of applied psychology. Canter has a certain strategy that he uses within this investigation which helps him in finding the offender. He firstly tries to understand the types of crime individuals are likely to become involved in and the way the crime will be carried out. After that he tries to understand the way a criminal behaviour processes and how the crime mirrors their behaviour in their daily life. These led him to believe that there are associated activities that happen when a crime is being committed. He also believes that actions of offenders at the crime scene are likely to reveal something about their background. The important attributes Canter looks out for within his research are: location, biography, social and personal characteristics and occupational/ educational history. One other aspect of profiling is the methodological collection of data and statistical analysis. An example of this is when Canter and Heritage (1990) combed through the victim statements of 66 UK sexual assaults and with the use of statistics, they were able to identify clear patterns in the form of the attack. It is possible to group how the victim is treated in three ways, each giving clue to the offender. First is when the criminal treats the victim as a person this is when a conversation is involved in the duration of the attack, asking things to the with the womans love and personal life or complimenting her on her looks and body. This type of criminal believes that he is developing some sort of relationship with the victim and incorrectly thinks that the sexual assault produces closeness. The second is when the victim is treated as an object in this case, the victim may be blindfolded, while the offender tends to be covered. The offender here will mainly be concerned with control in the interaction of the rape. The third and final is when the victim is treated as vehicle when this is the case the offender uses violence to degrade the victim. The actions here are a mirror of the offenders anger and aggression. The third real life case I will discuss in the report is the case of Rachel Nickell, wherein Offender Profiling was used to help the police officers find the offender and help the CJS make a fair verdict. On 15th July 1992, a 23 year old model, Rachel Nickell, was walking with her son and her dog in Wimbledon Common when she was attacked and brutally killed. Alex (Nickells two year old son) was thrown into the bushes while Nickell was sexually assaulted, stabbed 49 times and had her throat cut. Another hiker who was also walking in the Common discovered Alex clinging to his mothers dead body, crying and pleading with her to get up. It was later found that Alex stuck a piece of paper on his mothers forehead in place of a plaster in attempt to make his mum better. The police tried their best to find the criminal but failed to do so. They felt under pressure and as a result, turned to a Forensic psychologist named Paul Britton, an expert in the science of Offender Profiling, and asked him to conduct an offender profile for this crime case. Britton had previously helped the police identify the killers of Jamie Bulger in Liverpool, and had worked on the Frederick West House of Horrors murders in Gloucester, and was felt to be the right man for the job.  [4]  A suspect was eventually identified by Britton and it was noted that he seemed to fit the profile well. A complex operation was planned by Britton, which was aiming to tempt Stagg into a confession using an undercover female police officer who faked a romantic interest in Stagg and a liking for Satanism. However, despite her efforts Stagg did not confess. Effectiveness of Offender Profiling in each case Canter (1990) is the UKs leading profiling expert; his approach looks out for the behaviour of the offender during the crime. In his approach no assumptions are made about the criminal and the approach relies heavily on facts. Canter believes that his approach has several advantages over crime scene analysis. First, his type of Offender Profiling draws directly on widely known psychological concepts. Second, his approach could be used extensively and should not be limited to just rape and murder. Finally, in his approach there is less chance for biased decision making. Canter argues that his approach is more scientific than the FBIs and as a result, his profiles are more useful in helping the police catch the actual offender and the CJS to make a fair verdict.  [5]   John Duffy, Railway Rapist For John Duffys case, Canter created a profile with the following key facts belonging to the rapist: The rapist would live in the area near some of the attacks. He would be living with his girlfriend or wife and will not have a child. He would be in his late 20s; his blood fluids would contain ABO antigens and he would be right-handed. He would be skilled in his job and work only at the weekends. He knows the railway system very well. He would have a criminal record of violence. This profile represents the use of behavioural characteristics to search for a criminal instead of pure forensic evidence from the crime scene. Out of 2000 suspects, Canter pinpointed the 1505th suspect, John Duffy, who was the actual offender. Duffy fit most of the profile, including a criminal conviction for raping his wife. The profile Canter developed matched 13 out of 17 details about Duffys characteristics. The remaining that didnt match Duffy was the biological characteristics; the offender was a lot shorter than victims remembered and many had described him as having black or even ginger hair. From the accuracy, it is evident that Offender Profiling has been a very effective investigative tool to use in this crime case.  [6]   Adrian Babb For Adrian Babbs case, Canter created a profile with the following key facts belonging to the attacker: Not violent because force is only used when necessary Athletic body suggests that that offender has an interest of solitary sports e.g. swimming or body-building Cleanliness and organisation suggests that he was obsessive No attempt to cover him or hide forensic evidence suggests that he was not aware of the procedures and therefore has not convicted before for this type of crime Ease with elderly women suggests that he dealt with elderly people in non-offence background Knowledge of tower blocks suggests that he lives in one Based on this profile, a police officer searched through the records of minor sexual offenders and found a match between Babbs fingerprints and those at the crime scene. It is evident that Offender Profiling has been a very effective tool to utilise in this case because it has helped the police catch the offender. From the above, we can see that Canters predictions were very accurate. As Canter clearly stated in the profile, the offender must have had no forensic awareness or knowledge of the likely procedures as he made no attempt to disguise himself. This was a very valuable point that led to the arrest of Babb. As Canter also predicted, Babb attended the swimming pool very often hence the cleanliness and the lack of body odour and also looked after sessions for the elderly. Rachel Nickell Brittons first task was to set up a clear picture of the kind of person Rachel was by interviewing her family and friends. His initial thoughts related to Alex, Nickells son. The fact that Alex was not harmed meant that Rachel had not known the offender and so this was not likely to be a domestic murder. The nature of the attack pointed towards a violent sexual psychopath. Based on his past interactions with sexual killers, Britton drew up a profile of the offender with the following points: The offender would be aged between 20 and 30 because the majority of sexual attacks are committed by young men He would not have the ability to relate to women in normal conversation. He would either have a history of failed or unsatisfactory relationships or no relationship history He would suffer from some form of sexual dysfunction He would be attracted to pornography which would play a role in his sexual fantasy life He would only have average intelligence and education because the attack was brutal If employed, he would work in an unskilled or labouring occupation He would be single and have a relatively isolated lifestyle He would have lonely hobbies and interests He would live within easy walking distance of Wimbledon Common and would be thoroughly familiar with it He would be very likely to kill another young woman at some point in the future. Colin Stagg was the named that cropped up four times after the murderers profile was broadcasted on Crimewatch. Stagg fitted Brittons profile precisely. During the police interview Stagg denied any involvement in the crime, but his answers to questions made stronger the match with Brittons profile. The police could find no physical evidence connecting Stagg to the murder but he remained the number one suspect. The complex operation which was planned by Britton had an adverse effect on the whole case. The evidence of Brittons profile and the information obtained from Lizzie James was thrown out of court and the defence argued that Brittons evidence was speculative and supported only by his instinct. Stagg was set free and Rachels killer was never found. This shows how Offender Profiling can be misused, misunderstood and misinterpreted if not conducted in a scientific way. Conclusion There are many arguments discussing the effectiveness of Offender Profiling, some of which are positive and some which are negative. Even though there have been less publicised cases where Offender Profiling was less accurate e.g. Copson (1995), it can still be a very useful tool in terms of helping the police find the offender. However it is important for the police to be careful not to be blinded to other possibilities. Occasionally criminals do not fit the profile and over use could lead to misjudgement of the Criminal Justice System. Offender profiling is more prediction than science based and therefore the validity is debated. Due to the fact that there is no hard evidence to work from, it is not possible to gain a definite result. Stereotype can be another factor that affects the way a criminal is profiled. For example, it may be that most rapists are single men that live on their own or with their parents but this may not always be the case and could lead to an inaccurate prof ile being created if the criminal is a married man who lives with his family. To assess the effectiveness of this investigative tool different research has been conducted. For example, Britton (1992) sent out questionnaires to the Criminal Investigation Department to identify the number of cases where an offender had been profiled led to arrest. He found that the results were mostly negative in the sense that most cases that were profiled did not lead to arrest. However, the majority of the respondents commented that it could have had a lot of potential in their experience of Offender Profiling.  [7]  

Reality, Illusion, Appearance, and Deception in Shakespeares Hamlet Es

Reality, Illusion, Appearance, and Deception in Shakespeare's Hamlet   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As appearances play an important role in today's society, so they also play an important role in William Shakespeare's play Hamlet. From the first scene to the last, Shakespeare elaborates on the theme of appearance versus reality through plot and character.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The play's plot is full of incidents and events that are not what they appear to be. One such incident is Ophelia's ambiguous death. When, from the Queen, the audience first learns of her passing, the girl's death seems very peaceful, poetic and accidental. But later, during the Graveyard Scene, when the clowns are discussing her death, they classify it as a suicide. Does Ophelia, as it appears, absent-mindedly set foot too far into the murky waters and, held down by her heavy garments, meets with her untimely death? Or, does she, mad with grief caused by Hamlet's "insanity" and her father's death, willingly march to her muddy grave? Another example occurs when Laertes, Ophelia's brother, and King Claudius devise the Triple-Pronged plan. They set up a duel between Hamlet and Laertes. Since both young men are presumably using bated swords, this confrontation appears to be a simple, ordinary fencing match, no one will get hurt. Despite its h armless appearance, this duel proves deadly, for not only does Laertes plan to use an unbated and poisoned sword, but Claudius also prepares a poisoned drink for Hamlet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are also many spy plots set up during the play which may also be considered as deceiving events. These spy plots demonstrate the appearance versus reality theme since they are invisible to the spied upon, but weave a web of dishonesty. In Act II, Scene... ...C. Quote. Literary Companion to British Authors: William Shakespeare. San Diego: Greenhaven, 1996. Danson, Lawrence. "Tragic Alphabet." Modern Critical Interpretations: Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York City: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. 65-86 Findlay, Alison. "Hamlet: A Document in Madness." New Essays on Hamlet. Ed. Mark Thornton Burnett and John Manning. New York: AMS Press, 1994. 189-205. Hopkins, Lisa. "Parison and the Impossible Comparison." New Essays on Hamlet. Ed. Mark Thornton Burnett and John Manning. New York: AMS Press, 1994. 153-164. Rose, Mark. "Reforming the Role." Modern Critical Interpretations: Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York City: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. 117-128 Wiggins, Martin. "Hamlet Within the Prince." New Essays on Hamlet. Ed. Mark Thornton Burnett and John Manning. New York: AMS Press, 1994. 209-226.

Exploration of Capitalitsm In Norma Rae Essay -- Capitalism Economics

Exploration of Capitalitsm In Norma Rae While many of us tend to view capitalism as the ultimate goal when talking of profit capability and worker freedoms, we are shown a much different reality in the film "Norma Rae" in which the economic system comes under direct and harsh scrutiny. While the economic system on display in "Norma Rae" is a vast improvement from the impoverished feudal economic system shown in Matewan, there are still several improvements that can clearly be made to the O.P. Henry Textile Mill's definition of capitalism in this 1978 film based on actual events. The textile workers at the O.P. Henry Mill are used to struggle and adversity as both characterized thier employment in the factory and the hardships they had to face in their everyday lives. Many of the factory employees had been working in the mill for their entire lives, enduring the worker cruelty that the company dealt out with alarming regularity. However, many of the workers in the factory had little or no choice in seeking other employment, as the Textile Mill was the largest employer in the area, especially for unskilled laborers. While the employees were not forced to work in the factory, they stayed so as not to risk unemployment. This fear of unemployment was the mechanism that allowed the Textile Mill to push its workers to the limit. In this particular capitalist system on display in Norma Rae, the workers were the ones who had everything to lose. The workers had their livelihoods tied up in their jobs and would have to face the consequences if the company suffered economic difficulty, relocated, or had to downsize and make worker cutbacks. In this way, the workers' bargaining power with the company was weakened... ...a vote of 427 to 373. The negative capitailism that existed in the story of Norma Rae was modified to a much more worker-friendly type of capitalism in which worker concerns could be voiced and even answered without the fear of job termination while the company was still satisfied because it ws turning a profit. In this way, unions help to neutralize the potential for capital job markets to become dominated by an elite few and ingore the rights of laborers. Union helps secure the worker liberty of being able to compete for a position in a labor market rather than being forced to work in a poor working environment outof simple necessity. Unions provide workers with a valuable bargaining tool so that their rights will be protected in an ever changing and expanding profit-driven system, hopefully bringing the realization of capitalism closer to its intended state.

Grace: First-person Narrative Essay

The theme of Vicki L. Sears â€Å"Grace† can be seen in the relationship that develops between two of the characters, Billie Jim and Paul. Billie is an orphan who gets along with his sister and is adopted by Paul and his wife. Billie displays a desire to trust and accept their new parents while sister remains suspicious. Vickie Sears illustrate that although children suffer abuse and neglect, there is hope that they can learn to trust and build self-esteem. Billie Jim is a silent child who relies on his sister to protect him. Paul and his wife come to get them but Billie is hiding in a tree to escape from some of the bigger boys. His sister steps in and fights the older boys to get Billie down. She describes him as a â€Å"sissy†. Billie has to use the bathroom, but instead of asking their new parents he pinches his sister. Paul takes him to the restroom and his sisters concern gives us an understanding into prior abuse and possible reasons for Billie Jim’s reserved behavior. Although Paul would never hurt Billie Jim intentionally at the  end of the story he does. His death not only means an end to their relationship, but also an end to their secure home and protection. Billie loses the starring role along with the friend he has made, and is back into his uncertain life led by corrupt adults. â€Å"The Lesson† by Toni Cade Bambara is when Toni attended college and come of age as a writer. Bambara was at the head of radical politics, the feminist movement, and African American culture in Harlem when it was the 60’s. Her writing uncovers the differences forced on  African Americans of that time which America avoided and could not interfere. The story is a window for the reader into Bambara’s reality as much as it is a lesson for the immature woman Sylvia the main character. â€Å"The Lesson† is a first person narrative told by a young, poor, black girl growing up in Harlem in an undetermined time period known as â€Å"Back in the days when everyone was old and stupid or young and foolish, Sugar and I were the only ones just right†. Going by the prices some can accept it was sometime in the early seventies.   The story is about a trip started by a local woman, who is the only educated person in the neighborhood and has taken it upon herself to uncover the unthankful children of the neighborhood to the world outside of their worried community. The last stop is FAO Schwartz in Manhattan, where the toys of white children cost more than all of the children’s household yearly incomes combined and the lesson is almost lost on the children. The story closes by making plans to spend the left over cab fare change they stole from Miss Moore. At the last second Sylvia turns on her friend and goes off alone to think of the events of the day. The story’s theme focuses on education and the need for education as the results of knowledge. It proves how learning can lead to grief but that the grief is necessary for helpful change. The author also studies different types of pride and purposes of leadership and the various ways people show respect or disrespect for each other. Underlying the entire story is the concept of economic difference between whites and blacks in the United States.

The College With Green Building Concept Environmental Sciences Essay

We, the Green Environment Society wishes to suggest an thought of constructing a block of edifice with green construct. The nine starts at 2009 with the coaction with Malaysia Green Building Confederation ( MGBC ) , with the support of our college principal, Dr Tan Chik Heok. The nine is devoted to do the college a greener, comfy, environment friendly topographic point for pupils to analyze. With this proposal I hope that the college can give full cooperation with the nine in doing it possible. I understand the college presently pays heavy disbursals for public-service corporation measures and care fees and this proposal we hope to alter the state of affairs from something negative to positive. A green edifice is a construction that is environmentally responsible and resource efficient throughout a edifice ‘s life-cycle. A batch of state is get downing to utilize this thought for their building, design and maintain of edifice and this is something new to Malaysia and good suppo rted by the authorities. With this new edifice, we aim to cut down the environmental impact of edifices, with the betterment in energy efficiency, H2O efficiency, stuffs efficiency every bit good as waste decrease. This construct non merely will cut down the waste and pollution made but besides doing certain the pupils have a comfy and safety environment to analyze and besides better the productiveness of staff.Background and PurposeWe understand that the college had ever been giving much attending in doing the college green and clean but it has non been successful as expected and still hold a batch of betterment infinite. Throughout the old ages of observation and research done by members, we had realised that most of the thoughts that had been implemented in the college today does non last long or does non truly bring forth a satisfied consequence. We have concluded this proposal with the lists of thoughts to implement the green edifice constructs into the college while salvaging the college disbursals spend on H2O, electricity, wastage disposal and drainage system. The initial program for the new edifice will dwell of schoolrooms and talk halls and it may alter in the hereafter. There will be a batch of things needed to be done because most of the college edifice are aged more than 30 old ages and they are non built with any green edifice characteristics such as centralised wiring and H2O system plus some of the old wiring are started to go rusty overtime cut downing their efficiency and H2O escape of old piping system. They all can increase the measures small by small and it is recommended to construct a new edifice which will be easier. With this green edifice construct, it will convey three type of benefit. There are environments, economic and societal benefits.Environment benefitsSolar powering additions energy efficiency and cut down harmful emanations through the usage of less environmentally harmful stuffs. Besides, H2O preservation and recycling rai nwater for intent like urinal flow can continue drinkable H2O and output important H2O nest eggs. Stormwater direction including harvest home and airting storm H2O can cut down eroding and implosion therapy, constructing surface with permeable stuffs, and utilizing green roofs that is partly or wholly covered with flora and a turning medium can command and use flood, absorbing rainwater, supplying insularity, making a home ground for wildlife and assisting to take down urban air temperatures and extenuate the heat island consequence which is a metropolitan country that significantly warmer than its environing rural countries due to human activities. Furthermore, the common aim of green edifice are designed the overall impact of the built human wellness, at the same clip besides preserve and reconstruct the natural environment resource by cut downing environment debasement. Last, it can cut down the waste of watercourse, for case reduction and recycling building and destruction stuff s can cut down overall building and disposal costs every bit good. With their powerful environmental benefits, green edifice criterions are destined to go the basic edifice criterion for all new building.Economicss benefitsThe resource such as energy and H2O efficiency provided by green design and engineering leads to drastic decreases in operation costs that rapidly recoup any extra undertaking costs and go on offer dramatic long term college nest eggs. Money antecedently directed toward public-service corporation costs may be used for other intents such as improve the college installations and assets. Besides, with the energy costs on the rise, the low operating costs and easy care of green edifices will do for much lower vacancy rates along with much higher belongings values. Furthermore, the green edifices have control of temperatures and airing along with increased natural lighting. This attributes to a much improved employee attending and wellness. We believed that the betterm ents of indoor environment will take down our wellness attention cost along with staff ‘s work losingss. Based on our research, staff productiveness in green edifice can be mean 3 to 7 % greater than non-green edifice. The green edifice besides have higher tenancy rate and less renter ‘s turnover than non-green certified edifices. We believed that the demand of green infinite will merely increase in the close hereafter, as more companies, corporations and stockholder require green certified infinite. In add-on, accomplishing green edifice can better the college image as being a leader in environmental stewardship since ne'er have college had implemented the green edifice construct. Last, pupil productiveness can be better because the related of indoor and out-of-door environments conditions where use the green rules. The pupil will be ill much less than frequently and will hold a better over sense of wellbeing.Social benefitsAlthough the environmental and economic benefi ts of green edifice are good known, the societal benefits of green edifice should non frequently be ignored. First, green edifice emphasizes airing and non-toxic, low breathing cost that create an aesthetically pleasing environment, healthier and more comfy life and working environment, therefore the pupils will experience more energetic and happier in surveies and fall ining out-of-door activities such as athletics exercising and unvarying society ‘s activities. Besides, the benefits of green edifice besides better the strain on local substructure. Furthermore, a cardinal component of sustainable design is the saving of natural environments which is works and animate beings, which afford a assortment of diversion and exercising chances. Green edifices besides seek to ease options to driving, such as bicycling and public conveyance, which eases local traffic while promoting personal wellness and fittingness. Furthermore, the beauty of green constructing non merely protecting t he natural environment and besides increase the pupils overall morale and environmental ethic. Last, the comfy surveies environment besides improves the pupil ‘s productiveness in surveies.PlanTo further lucubrate the thoughts, we propose the undermentioned program:Energy EfficiencyCeiling fans go arounding the air in a room provides a soft zephyr and chilling. By uniting with a few unfastened Windowss, it will maintain the room comfortable. Air that is circulated throughout the room is kept fresher and less humid, perchance assisting to extinguish cast and mold and musty odors in the room. Ceiling fans are besides a great aid in drying out furniture and rugs that have been shampooed. Furthermore if you are wishing for low care, ceiling fans are more preferred. Unlike air conditioners, there are no filters to clean or replace. Fans merely require occasional dusting. Classroom should hold automatic visible radiation detectors which save the college power. While people have non been in room for a piece, the visible radiations should travel out. However, one time person walks into the room, the visible radiation is turned on. For this to go on, the detector has a threshold for gesture that must be crossed before it turns the light back on. So, dust natation in the room should non do the visible radiations go on, but a individual walking in should. Besides, to increase the efficiency of the edifice envelope, we may utilize high-efficiency Windowss and insularity in wall, ceiling and floors. Based on our research, a high public presentation edifice which built up by reclaimable and renewable stuff such as rock, green roof and wood will uses less runing energy, embodied energy has assumed greater importance and may do up every bit much as 30 % of the overall life rhythm energy ingestion. Besides, the interior decorator oriented Windowss, wall and topographic point sunshades, porches, and trees to shadow the Windowss and roofs can be maximising the solar additi on in the twenty-four hours for the efficiency of solar energy system. In add-on, effectual and right window arrangement can supply more natural visible radiation to pupil and decrease the demand for electric lighting during the twenty-four hours which can salvage electric cost and cut down unneeded waste. Harmonizing from our research, the United State LCI Database undertaking show edifices built chiefly with wood will hold a lower embodied energy than those built with brick, concrete or steel, therefore we proposal the wood as the chief edifice stuff for the new block building which is cost-saving and can be designed more attractive and creativeness by carve the wood interface. Furthermore, the solar H2O heating which implements in the H2O warmer can be cut down energy costs and more cost economy comparison with electric H2O warmer.Water EfficiencyFrom our research, toilets history for approximately 30 % to 40 % of domestic H2O usage and up to 90 % for offices and public comfortss , therefore the college ‘s lavatory flushing system should be designed to cut down H2O waste. The protection and conversation of H2O throughout the life of edifice may be accomplished by planing double plumbing the recycles H2O in the lavatory flushing. Our other suggestion is utilizing the double flower lavatory which has two flushing options. The first option, which is meant for blushing fluids merely, uses less H2O than the other option, which is meant for solids. Dual flush lavatory utilizes a â€Å" wash down † blushing design that pushes waste down a larger diameter drain while conventional flush lavatories employ a siphoning action that pulls waste down the drain, necessitating the usage of a greater sum of H2O than the push method. It has been proven to salvage up 67 % of H2O use in most places. But due to more complex mechanism, it is more expensive than many other low-flow lavatories. Besides, the high efficiency of urinal ( HEU ) is a fixture with a flush vol ume of 1.9 litres or less. HEUs usage about tierce of the sum of H2O used to blush the mean urinal. Based on the mean use, we believed that a individual HEU can salvage near to 18,000 litres of H2O per twelvemonth. Furthermore, the syphon flush mechanisms offer a figure of advantages over valve flush mechanism such as it is more consistent, dependable H2O efficiency over the long term because syphon unlike valves, are inherently leak-free and it is more easy to mend by merely merely replace certain constituent. Furthermore, the point of H2O intervention and warming improves both H2O qualities and energy efficiency while cut downing the sum H2O in circulation. Use rainwater catchment systems or H2O conversation that collect and shop H2O from roofs during the showery session either for college usage or at minimal, to decelerate down the discharge into the combined cloaca system to minimise the incidence of floods. There are many benefit of utilizing rainwater catchment system in new e difice which are rainwater is a comparatively clean and perfectly free beginning of H2O and is better for landscape workss and garden because it is non chlorinated, work out the drainage job of the belongings while supplying free H2O, and it can be used as a chief beginning of H2O or as a backup H2O beginning for the college.Material EfficiencyConstructing stuff should be considered to be green include renewable works stuff such as bamboo and straw, wood from wood, ecology blocks, dimension rock, recycled rock, recycled metal and other merchandise that are non-toxic, reclaimable, renewable and reclaimable. Constructing stuff should be manufactured off-site and delivered to site, to maximise benefits of off-site industry including minimising waste, maximising recycling, less noise and dust. In short, the stuff efficiency besides can be accomplish by using stuff that meet the certain standards which is lasting, reclaimable, locally available, natural, plentiful or renewable and can be remanufactured.Reduce Waste and PollutionGreen architecture besides seeks to cut down waste of energy, H2O, stuff used during building. Based on our research, in California about 60 % of the province ‘s web site ‘s waste comes from the commercial edifices. The most efficiency method to cut down waste and pollution is utilizing landfills. When landfills are decently managed and landfill sites chosen carefully, it can minimise the environmental impact of waste as it degrades. Landfills save the energy that would be used to export waste, but landfills besides serve as an extra beginning of energy. Well-designed edifices besides help cut down the sum of waste as good. When edifice reaches the terminal of their utile life, they are typically demolished and hauled to landfills. Deconstruction is a method of reaping what is normally considered waste and repossessing it into utile constructing stuff. Widening the utile life of a construction besides cut down waste such as wood that are light and easy to work with make redevelopment easier. Therefore, we suggest the chair and tabular array which made by wood and considered spoil can be send to recycle and retrace the merchandise once more. Rainwater aggregator is used to hive away the rain H2O for the hereafter and other use such usage in cleansing work, flush lavatory and so on. Another option is change overing the waste and effluent into fertiliser which is cost economy and besides utile for gardening. Furthermore, much building and destruction waste can be recycled, for case metal including Cu from wiring, plumbing and hot H2O armored combat vehicles and brick and rocks in good status can be used in building and pupil technology undertaking.Improve Health and ProductivityThe consequence of indoor environmental quality in college new block on pupil wellness, wellbeing and productiveness is an of import subject in our society research. We believed that the indoor environmental quality can negatively impac t pupil physical ‘s wellness such as asthma aggravation and respiratory allergic reactions through hapless air quality, utmost temperatures, extra humidness and deficient airing and psychological wellness such as emphasis and depression through unequal lighting, acoustics, and ergonomic design. Based on our research and surveies, the pupil with such inauspicious wellness conditions are absent more frequently and less productiveness than pupil without these conditions. For this ground, we concluded that the green edifice is able to turn to indoor environmental quality and pupil wellness concern by supplying healthier edifice environment.InterviewRandom interview with pupil will supply the information that you desire. The interviews will be administered by our professional advisers. These interviews will find your pupil ‘s satisfaction with and positions on the current edifice design and edifice environment. Student ‘s sentiments are priceless to us as it will state us their outlook and demands of good edifice design and environment. The interview inquiry will incorporate unfastened and closed inquiry and are attached for your mention and blessing.AgendaThe undermentioned agenda has been arranged: Interview Session March 1 – March 5 Contracts March 8 – March 9 Document Reviews and Revision March 10 – June 10 Site Work June 12 – June 28 Foundation July 1 – July 28 Paint August 1- August 28 Final Punch out September 1- September 28 Cleaning October 1- October 5StaffingOur company Green Environment Society has been actively involved in building green edifice in Malaysia for four twelvemonth since 2009. We have been coaction with Malaysia Green Building Confederation ( MGBC ) and both the private and public sector to build few green edifice in Malaysia. We are really looking earnestly in advancing and appealing the green edifice construct to other college and University. This green edifice undertaking will be conducted by Mr. Johnny English, which is a green edifice building undertaking director. Mr. Jonny English possesses a Maestro of Mechanical in green constructing building from University Malay and he has been working in this field for more than eight year.. Helping him are Mr. Daniel Wong and Ms. Sammi Tan, which both are interior interior decorator and edifice building adviser. Both Mr. Daniel Wong and Ms. Sammi Tan have huge experience in edifice building and green edifice design accomplishments and they besides have been involved in this field for more than five twelvemonth.BudgetThe dislocation of the costs of the green edifice attack is as follows:EntireConstruction stuffs RM 1,000,000.00 Construction pay RM 50,000.00 Construction audience RM 5,000.00 Operation and Maintenance optimisation RM 2.000.00 Entire RM 1,057,000.00MandateWe strongly agree that our proposal will be able to heighten and protect the environment of college, appeal the of import of environmental of protection and eco-friendly among pupils and better our college ‘s image. We will guarantee that this green edifice construct is carried out to your satisfaction and run into the outlooks of our college. If you accept our proposal, delight subscribe the enclosed extra transcript of this proposal and return it to us. Your concern is much appreciated. Thank you for giving us this opportunity to carry on green edifice construct for our college. Yours unfeignedly Tan Kian Long Director Encs

Traits of Successful Relationships

A successful relationship is the Holy Grail in life for most people. We are constantly searching and striving to attain that bond with someone without fully understanding the components involved in making it happen. In a time of serial monogamy, marriage drive thrus, and quickie divorces, we don't have much incentive to invest that sort of time. Relationships are easy to get out of. But in order to have a successful relationship, both parties must first actively communicate their intentions of what they are hoping to gain from the relationship, concerns, and hopes for themselves as individuals and as a collective.Failure to do this would surely be the demise of any relationship. During life, a significant factor is the relationship with another. There are many aspects to a relationship that will make it strong or long lasting. Looks may seem to be important but in the long run they prove not to be. Looks can be changed through surgery and can fade with age. There are four qualities t hat should be found in a good strong relationship. These four factors will never change no matter what kind of relationship one is in or what one looks like. The four factors that make a good relationship are commitment, trust, caring, and communication.In any relationship, if any of these four factors are missing then the relationship will not last long. Commitment is an important factor in building a strong and successful relationship. Commitment keeps a relationship together through the good and the bad times. Whether a partner in a relationship is suffering through hard times, the couple if committed will pull through. A strong relationship that is committed will make it through the major and the minor crisis of life. A minor crisis that could put a strain on a relationship could be considered as something simple such as the breaking of a date or one person having no money.A major crisis may be one partner going off to war or having to leave town for several months on business. If the relationship is committed then a couple will survive these crises. Commitment is a step in building a strong relationship. (Naidu, 1996) The second part of a successful relationship is trust. Trust is like the â€Å"I love you† of a relationship. Trust means that when one partner wants to go out for a night on the town with his or her friends that they will not cheat. When a couple is out together for a night, the partner will not be flirting with other people in the room.A couple that trusts each other will give each other space to do their own thing. Trust allows a relationship to grow because there is not the constant worry of what the other party is doing. Trust is when there are selected responsibilities that each partner may have and makes sure are fulfilled. Responsibilities such as making sure the trash is taken out or the bills are paid on time. Building trust in a relationship could even consist of making sure that if there is a dinner date that both parties are on time. Even though destroying trust can happen in an instant, building trust takes lots of time. Gildea, 2005) Building trust in a relationship takes time and effort while destroying it could be as simple as cheating or not showing up when a date is scheduled. The third part of a successful relationship is caring. There is no way to truly describe what caring is but it is an intimate part of any relationship. Caring is a feeling or emotion that cannot be readily described in words but still a feeling. Caring is missing your partner when they are away or being sad when they are not feeling well. Caring in a relationship is an emotion that can only be described using other emotions.When two people care for each other in a relationship they form a bond which is hard to break even when common sense tells them that they need to. This bond is so strong that even abusive couples will stay together. The couple thinks that they care for each other enough that the abuse does not matter. (Jaroneczyk, 2002) Caring is the fabric of building a strong relationship. The fourth and most important part of a relationship is communication. Communications is the problem solver of a relationship and could also be the destroyer of a relationship. Communication is the foundation of every relationship.Whether it is a relationship between a man and a woman or a relationship between people of the same gender, communication is the best way and maybe the only way for people to express their feelings to their partner. When a good communication system does not exist, the relationship could no longer exist either because the two sides do not understand each other anymore. Communication keeps the both sides inform about everything. Even though communication is very vital, it is very hard to accomplish a lot of times. It is even harder for a man and a woman to establish a good communication due to the differences of the two genders.As stated by Deborah Tannen in her article â€Å"Sex, L ies and Conversation: Why Is It So Hard for Men and Women to Talk to Each Other? † men and women, when it comes to communication, they are very different from each other. Each gender looks at the subject from a whole different point of view. For the male, they don't like to do much of talking but more of hanging out together. Going to a bar or watching a sport game is their way of good bonding and communication. As for women, they like to have long chats and that is their way of good communication.Like Tannen said, â€Å"Intimacy is the fabric of relationships, and talk is the thread from which it is woven (Tannen, 1995, 33). † Therefore, the two sides look for different things when it comes to communication in a relationship. This is one of the main reasons why it is easier for two people of the same gender to communicate than opposite sex. When a man is down, he comes to his best male friend and tells the problem, the friend probably will not be so sensitive about it but instead might try to argue it, showing the male hierarchy and they start to have a debate. For a woman, it is very different.Women try to understand each other and put themselves into the position and try to feel it with one another (Tannen, 1995, 33-34). The natural development of men and women also plays a very important role in creating a hard communication between the two genders. Throughout history, men always had been the more dominant gender. A male is always expected to support and run his family externally. On the other hand, a female's role in society is to take care of the kitchen and the children. A female in history was always expected to wait and stay by the side of a man and never would get the same opportunities or treatment.Even though this concept had improved over the years with hard works of many courageous women, it is still a problem today. In her essay â€Å"Unfair Game,† Susan Jacoby displays how disrespectful men can be to women. According to Jaco by, men always think that women are out hunting for men. Jacoby shares several of her personal experiences to prove her point. One of the incidents is when she and a friend were having a conversation at a bar and a drunken man tried to hit on them. They outwardly refuse and the man was very amazed at their rejection.These types of incidents are typical in today's society but morally very wrong. Society always has pictured women as the lower and less important gender. So therefore, with this idea in mind, women get less respect and get treated as though they are useless and always have to go out in search for men to survive. In the society today, some men take this concept and go a step further. They expect to get what they want and if not, they call the women bad names like it happens to Jacoby (Jacoby, 207-208). Communication is the first and most important thing in a relationship but it is also the hardest thing to accomplish.A bad communication in a relationship could cause many misunderstandings and troubles. If good communication is easily attain, than the United States would not have nearly 50 percent divorce rate (Tannen, 1995, 32). It is very hard to achieve, but fighting will not solve anything, only compromises will solve problems. But ultimately the reason communication is most important is because it’s the beginning of any relationship. Every relationship starts with communication because that is how you meet the person. A relationship will not get started if the communication is not there.Communication separates a purely physical relationship with no meaning from a true strong relationship. Communication in a relationship should be honest. Communication makes two people one. (Jaroneczyk, 2002) When a couple knows each others likes and dislikes communication is strong. Communication lets a couple talk about their problems and can help resolve many of them. In a relationship with no communication a small problem can cause a rift which will le ad to a break up. This is why communication is an important part of a relationship. In all relationships there are up and downs.There are likes and dislikes in any relationship but there are four elements that keep them together. A couple that has strong communication is more likely to stay together then one that does not. A relationship with caring will be stronger than a relationship without. A couple that trusts one another is a likely pair to stay together. Finally a couple that has a strong commitment is more likely to have a good relationship. When these four things are accomplished in a relationship it is very likely that they will succeed! References Gildea, D. (2005). Developing A successful relationship.Accounting Today, , 18-49. Tannen, Deborah. â€Å"Sex, Lies, and Conversation: Why Is It So Hard for Men and Women to Talk to Each Other? † Encountering Culters: Reading and Writing in a Changing World. 2nd edition. Richard Holeton, ed. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hal l. 1995. Naidu, J. (1996-06-29). For successful relationships. New Straits times, 01. EX. Jacoby, Susan. â€Å"Unfair Game. † Outlooks and Insights: A Reader for College Writers. 4th edition. Paul Eschholz and Alfred Rosa, ed. New York: St. Martin Press. 1995 Jaroneczyk, J. (2002). Successful relationships. Internet World, 8(7), 11-31.